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Arianna Huffington   Ambassador Stuart Holliday is the President and CEO of Meridian International Center. Holliday served as United States Ambassador for Special Political Affairs at the United Nations (2003-2005), after his nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate. Holliday’s primary duties involved representing the United States on issues in the U.N. Security Council. This included responsibility for U.S. policy on U.N. Peacekeeping, Sanctions, and Counterterrorism programs. Prior to serving at the U.N., Holliday was Coordinator (Assistant Secretary) of the U.S. State Department’s Bureau of International Information Programs and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs.

From 2000 to 2001, he was Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel at the White House. At the White House, he advised the President on all National Security appointments including the Defense Department, State Department, the Veterans Department, FEMA, NASA, OPIC, Peace Corps, USAID and Ambassadorships. Following the attacks of September 11, Holliday was tasked by the President’s Chief of Staff to work with government agencies to staff the first Office of Homeland Security at the White House.

From 1998 to 2000, he served as Policy Advisor to then Governor of Texas. He has also served as Executive Director of the Dallas Council on World Affairs and as Regional Director for North Africa, the Middle East and Turkey at the International Republican Institute (IRI). Holliday served on active and reserve duty as an Officer in the United States Navy (Intelligence) from 1988 until 1995 and was recalled to active duty for Operation Desert Storm. He is a recipient of the Joint Service Commendation Medal and other awards. He obtained his B.S.F.S. (International Affairs) from Georgetown University and his M.A. (International Affairs) from the London School of Economics and Political Science.
     
  María Del Pino is the President of the Rafael del Pino Foundation. She also serves as a Member of the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of Ferrovial Group, and Member of the Board of Trustees of Fundación Codespa, Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española contra el Cáncer, and Fundación Príncipe de Asturias. She holds a degree in Economics from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and an Executive Development Program (PDD) Diploma from the Institute of Higher Business Studies (IESE) of Madrid.
     
  President Barack Obama nominated Alan D. Solomont, of Massachusetts, to be Ambassador of the United States of America to Spain and Andorra in August 2009. The nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on December 24. Mr. Solomont was sworn in on January 5, 2010

Ambassador Solomont is Chairman of the bipartisan Board of Directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service. He was appointed by President Clinton in 2000, re-appointed by President Bush in 2007 and elected chairman in 2009. Ambassador Solomont has spent his professional career in the health and elder care arenas. He is Chairman of Solomont Bailis Ventures, which invests in early stage health care companies. He was the Co-Founder of HouseWorks, a home care company that helps seniors remain independent and supports families caring for aging relatives. He is also Founder and Managing Director of Angel Healthcare Investors. As a Senior Fellow and Visiting Instructor at Tufts University, Ambassador Solomont has taught an undergraduate political science course on the American Presidency. He has served on several nonprofit and for profit boards, including the Boston Medical Center, Boston Private Bank & Trust Company, Angel Healthcare Investors, The New Israel Fund, Israel Policy Forum, the University of Lowell and the University of Massachusetts, Tufts University, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Foundation, and the WGBH Educational Foundation. He has chaired the Board of Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston and Hebrew Senior life, a large nonprofit elder care provider in Boston. Ambassador Solomont holds a B.A. in Political Science and Urban Studies from Tufts University and a B.S. in Nursing from the University of Massachusetts, Lowell.
     

Confirmed Speakers

  Alexandros Arampatzis is the CEO of Win Ltd., Editor in Chief of Pepper, Editor in Chief of Ser-Free and a regular columnist for the Greek current affairs magazine Krama. He has previously worked with the BBC World Desk Greek Section, The Daily Telegraph and Dehavilland Online News. In addition to his work in media, he has initiated fundraising campaigns for disadvantaged populations, and organized large scale environmental awareness events for the protection of Kerkini Lake in Greece. Alexandros has a Master’s degree in Media Studies from the University of Cardiff, and a Master’s degree in International Journalism from City University. He completed his Law degree at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
     
  Salomé Adroher Biosca is General Director of Services for the Family and Childhood in the Spanish Ministry for Health, Social Services and Equalty. Biosca recieved her JD (1984) and Ph.D. (1991) in Law from the Universidad Pontificia Comillas, where she has been a Professor of Private International Law since 1984.
     
  Esperanza Aguirre Gil de Biedma is the President of the Community of Madrid. She has her law degree from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and is an official of the Technical Corps of Information and Tourism. She has served as Minister of Education and Culture, and President of the Senate. Aguirre is the first elected female President of a Spanish Region.
     
  Kris M. Balderston serves as the Special Representative for Global Partnerships at the Global Partnership Initiative within the Office of the Secretary of State. Prior to his role at the U.S. Department of State, Kris was Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton’s first Legislative Director in January 2001 before serving as her Deputy Chief of Staff from 2002-2009. Kris began his career with the National Governors’ Association and later ran the Massachusetts State Office for Governor Michael Dukakis from 1987-1991. He then became Senior Policy Advisor to Majority Leader George Mitchell at the U.S. Senate Democratic Policy Committee from 1991-1993. From 1993-1995, he served as the Deputy Chief of Staff at the U.S. Department of Labor under Secretary of Labor Robert Reich. Kris served in the White House from 1995-2001, as Special Assistant for Cabinet Affairs to President William Jefferson Clinton and then later as the Deputy Assistant to the President and the Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet. Kris holds his BA in Political Science from LeMoyne College and his MA in Government from Georgetown University.
     
  Roser Batlle is an Ashoka Fellow. Her project is to promote service-learning in Spain, an educational methodology that links academic success and social commitment. She has over thirty years of experience in the non-profit sector and specializes in service learning, values education and citizenship education.
     
  Diahann Billings-Burford is Chief Service Officer for the City of New York. NYC Service meets the Mayor’s State of the City pledge for New York City to lead the way in answering President Obama’s nationwide call to service. The NYC Service program has three main goals: help more New Yorkers connect to service opportunities more easily, target volunteers to address the city’s greatest needs, and promote service as a core part of what it means to be a citizen in the greatest city in the world. Prior to this appointment, Diahann served as Deputy Executive Director of External Affairs for City Year New York, a nonprofit organization.
     
  Ana Botella Serrano is the Mayor of Madrid. She belongs to the Spanish People’s Party and is the first female Mayor of Madrid. She has been on the Madrid City Council since 2003, where she has been Second Lieutenant Mayor and headed the Departments of Social Services (2003-2007) and of the Environment (2007-2011).
     
  Dr. Ángel Cabrera is the President of Thunderbird School of Global Management, which is widely recognized as the leading school in the field of International Business. Prior to Thunderbird, he was a professor and Dean at Madrid’s IE Business School. In 2002 Dr. Cabrera was named a “Global Leader for Tomorrow” by the World Economic Forum.
     
  Carlos Capataz is the Director of the Volunteer Department of the Spanish Red Cross. Capataz has been linked to the Red Cross since 1979. Moreover, he is responsible for the projects based in technology, information and communications designated to social purposes.
     
  Laura Chorro is currently Managing Director of FUNDAR, the Foundation for Solidarity and Voluntary Work of the Valencian Community. She has a degree in teaching (early childhood education) and was previously a Youth Counselor of Alicante’s Town Hall. She has worked with NGOs, and has participated as a volunteer collaborating with several volunteer organizations for over twelve years.
     
  Antoine Colonna d’Istria is Pro Bono Lab’s co-Founder. Pro Bono Lab is a French non-profit that helps identify community needs and find answers through corporate human resources involvement, best practices in volunteer management, and new technologies. He studied Corporate and Public Management at HEC and Sciences Po Paris, and has his BA in Philosophy from La Sorbonne. Previously, he worked with HandsOn Network and helped to develop Skill Based Volunteering.
     
  AnnMaura Connolly is the Chief External Affairs Officer of City Year. Connolly also serves as a co-convener of ServiceNation, and oversees the day-to-day work of Voices for National Service, a coalition of hundreds of service organizations that work together to advance citizen service policy.
     
  Raúl Contreras is a businessman and economist. Recognized as a Social Entrepreneur Fellow by Ashoka, he co-founded NITTÚA, which promotes a social innovation approach to the economy. Achieving an inclusive and just economy is a central objective of all of Contrera’s activities.
     
  Javier Cremades is a Lawyer and founding President of the firm Cremades & Calvo-Sotelo, now present in ten cities in five different countries. LL.D. from the University of Regensburg, he is a pioneer of Telecommunications Law in Spain and editor of the first manual of such discipline. His innovative approach to practice of law is characterized by the integration of new technologies and the adaptation to new global environment. Today, the firm Cremades & Calvo-Sotelo is headquartered in the first Digital Office developed in Spain and leads the legal implementation of global platforms such as the Global Law Firms Alliance of Madoff case, consisting of offices in 30 countries to act in concert.
     
  Marcos de Castro Sanz has a degree in psychology and specializes in industrial psychology. He has spent most of his professional life working with unions, and spent six years in public administration. At the Mondragón Corporation, he represented the institutions of Madrid, especially in CEPES (Spanish Business Confederation of Social Economy) of which he was president for ten years. He is currently retired and works with institutions of disability, volunteerism, banking ethics, and social responsibility.
     
  Juan de la Mota is President of the Spanish Network of the Global Alliance of United Nations and member of the Global Council of the Global Alliance. He is an Advisor to different companies and non-profit organizations, and a member of the Institute of Company Directors and Administrators (ICA). He was also Executive President of Standard & Poor’s in Spain and Portugal, Executive President of Compañía Española de Financiación del Desarrollo SA (COFIDES) and the Economy and Trade Advisor for the Spanish Embassy in Ottawa (Canada).
     
  Lucía De Zavala has been the CEO of Junior Achievement Spain since 2004. She completed her undergraduate degree in Art History, and received a Master’s degree from Sotheby’s. She began her professional career at the Fundación Ortega y Gasset, and soon after was selected to be a member of the Oriental department at Sotheby’s London. Following her time at Sothebys, she was named Commercial Director of Stoppenbach & Delestre. Since returning to Madrid, she has led a successful antique dealing business, and was the director of the Fundación Aguirre Newman until 2004.
     
  Robert Egger is the Founder and President of DC Central Kitchen, the country’s first “community kitchen”, where food donated by hospitality businesses and farms is used to fuel a nationally recognized culinary arts job training program. Since opening in 1989, the Kitchen has produced over 23 million meals and helped 800 men and women gain full time employment. In addition, Robert is the Founder and President of CForward, an advocacy organization that rallies employees of nonprofits to educate candidates about the economic role that nonprofits play in every community, and to support candidates who have detailed plans to strengthen the economy that includes nonprofits.

In Washington, Robert was the founding Chair of both the Mayor’s Commission on Nutrition and Street Sense, Washington’s “homeless” newspaper. He was also the Co-Convener of the first Nonprofit Congress, held in Washington, DC in 2006. Currently, Robert serves on the Board of the national addiction recovery program, Back On My Feet, the Philanthropic Collaborative, and Chef Jose Andres’ World Central Kitchen. Robert was included in the Non Profit Times list of the “50 Most Powerful and Influential” nonprofit leaders from 2006-2009. He was the recipient of the Restaurant Association of Metropolitan Washington’s 2007 “Lifetime Achievement” award, and the 2004 James Beard Foundation “Humanitarian of the Year” award. He has been named an Oprah Angel, a Washingtonian of the Year, a Point of Light and one of the Ten Most Caring People in America, by the Caring Institute.
     
  Dolores Flores Cerdán is a Civil Servant in the Superior Technical Body of the Autonomous Organisms. She completed her law degree at the Complutense University of Madrid. Since 2007 she has been the General Manager in Madrid Council dealing with Family, Infants and Volunteers (Madrid Council). Previously, Dolores worked with the Ministry of Health and Consumers Affairs where she served as Managing Director of Consumer Affairs, Managing Director of Public Health and Consumers Affairs, and General Subdirector of Programs in the Women Institute. She has also served as a board member of the Council of Madrid dealing with Equality and Employment, Director in Charge of the Employment Agency (Madrid Council), Subdirector of External Relations for Tetra Pak and Superior Technical Officer of the Technical Food Service (Ministry of Commerce). She has been awarded the Lazo de Dama Mérito Civil
     
  Catherine Franks is the Founder and Director of Children’s Helpers Worldwide. Children’s Helpers Worldwide works in partnership with locally run children’s initiatives, and aims to build a network of volunteers and supporters around the world who want to provide children with a better start. She has done volunteer work with a range of NGOs and was recently named an Outreach Team Leader for the Capacity Building Team of the UN Commission for Sustainable Development Major Group for Children and Youth. She has a Master’s degree in Public Law and Human Rights from University College London.
     
  Marisol García is the Director of the Hazloposible Foundation. Previously, she worked at Accenture as a consultant of the reengineering process and implementation of management systems. She joined Hazloposible in 2000 and was responsible for the creation of Hacesfalta.org and its corporate volunteer program. She has a degree in Economics and Business, and completed her academic career with Honors.
     
  Julio González Ronco is the General Manager of the Real Madrid Foundation. Doctor in Law from the University Complutense in Madrid, Spain, Mr. González Ronco began his professional career as Technical Consultant of the Superior Council of Sports in 1995 and was one of the technical authors of the Royal Decree of Sports Qualifications. The next year, he became Technical Consultant for the Sports Division of the Board of Autonomous Communities of Castille and La Mancha, and was one of the authors of the Decree on Sports Discipline of said Community. In 1997, Mr. González Ronco began his practice as a Lawyer for the Youth and Sports Foundation, for the Foundation to Support People with Auditory Deficiencies (PROADA), and for the Automobile Federation of Castille and La Mancha (until 1999).

Mr. González Ronco has been and is still closely tied to the Spanish Olympic Committee, as Legal Consultant for the Committee and its Foundation, Secretary of its Legal Commission (from 1997 to this date), Secretary General of the Spanish National Court of Sports Arbitrage (1997-1999) and Secretary of the Ethical Commission (from 2006 to date) of the Spanish Olympic Committee. Moreover, Mr. Ronco acted as legal Consultant for the Royal Spanish Federation of Olympic Shooting. Mr. González Ronco has been involved with the Real Madrid Foundation since its beginnings, as its General Manager from 1999 to 2006 and from 2009 to present date. In addition, he has assessed the Spanish State’s Lottery System in Corporate Social Responsibility, and provided technical and legal guidance to the private company Augeo Sport, S.L. and to the Peace Dream Foundation, both from 2008 to 2009
     
  Nicky Goren is president and CEO of Washington Area Women’s Foundation, which mobilizes the community to ensure that economically vulnerable women and girls in the Washington region have the resources they need to thrive. Nicky came to The Women’s Foundation after twelve years at the Corporation for National and Community Service, working as Associate General Counsel, Chief of Staff, and Chief Executive Officer. The Corporation is the nation’s largest grant maker supporting service and volunteering. As acting CEO, Nicky led the agency through the transition between administrations and laid the foundation for the Obama Administration’s service plans. Nicky is a graduate of Cornell Law School and Brandeis University.
     
  Jonathan Greenblatt serves as Special Assistant to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation (OSICP). He is an accomplished social entrepreneur and corporate executive with a track record of creating real jobs and building successful businesses. He is the co-founder of Ethos Water, the bottled water that helps children around the world get clean water. Ethos was sold to Starbucks Coffee Company in 2005. As a senior executive at Starbucks, Greenblatt expanded the business significantly while also serving on the board of the Starbucks Foundation. He also has served as CEO of GOOD Worldwide, whose products include GOOD Magazine. Jonathan has been an operating partner with Satori Capital, a private equity firm focused on conscious capitalism and impact investing. He is the founding president of a breakthrough open source platform for service and volunteering used on many websites, including serve.gov. He was appointed to the faculty of the Anderson School of Management at UCLA in 2007 where he developed and taught its MBA-level coursework on social entrepreneurship. Most recently, he founded the Impact Economy Initiative of the Aspen Institute. Jonathan worked at the NEC in the Clinton White House, focusing on issues of trade and technology. He also developed international economic policy in the Commerce Department.
     
  Eva Hambach is the Director of the Vlaams Steunpunt Vrijwilligerswerk vzw, the Flemish Region Volunteer Support Centre in Belgium, President of the Belgian High Council for Volunteering and President of the European Volunteer Centre (CEV). She was born in Belgium, lived in Damascus, Syria and is married with children. She holds a Master’s degree in Political Science and International Policy. During her career she managed local community projects and served as Head of a Social Service Provision Office in Antwerp, was involved for several years in the Belgian Trade Union and has lived in Syria for two years. Eva published various pieces on volunteering including manuals on the Belgian law on volunteering and on volunteer management.
     
  Arianna Huffington a Greek-American author and syndicated columnist, best known as co-founder of the news website The Huffington Post. In 2011, AOL acquired The Huffington Post and named Huffington the President and Editor in Chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. She has been successful in establishing a major media presence throughout her career, and was named one of the Most Influential Women in Media by Forbes.
     
  Trinidad Jiménez García-Herrera is the Secretary of Social Policy. She has her law degree from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and is an International Relations expert. She was a representative for the IX legislature, and she is a member of the Committees for Equality, Disability, Health and Foreign Affairs. In the governments of Zapatero she has served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, the Minister of Health and Social Policy, and Secretary of State for Iberoámerica. She has been responsable for political relations with America in the Office of International Affairs of the PSOE and advises on the Global Progress Commission of the Socialist International. In 2000 she was elected Secretary of the International Policy Committee of the PSOE Federal Executive, and was reelected in 2004. In 2003, she was the candidate of the Socialist party for the City of Madrid, where she served as spokeswoman for the Socialist Group.
     
  George Khaldun joined Harlem Children’s Zone in 1991 as the Program Director of the Foster Care Prevention Program. Prior to becoming CAO, he served as the Chief Operating Officer and Deputy to the President. Mr. Khaldun has been instrumental in the planning and expansion of Harlem Children’s Zone’s programs and has been successful in tripling its number of employees, participants, and programs offered. Mr. Khaldun has participated on various panels and has spoken before a number of audiences on strategy, policy and implementation of (HCZ’s) community development initiatives. Mr. Khaldun was previously an economic development specialist for the national NAACP, a professor at Bermuda College and an adjunct professor at the College of New Rochelle. Mr. Khaldun holds an A.B. in Government from Bowdoin College, and studied at the London School of Economics. He has a Master’s Degree in Educational Policy from Teacher’s College, Columbia University, and has completed Columbia University’s Business School Executive Management Training Program.
     
  Alan Khazei is the founder and former CEO of Be the Change, Inc., a group dedicated to building national coalitions of non-profit organizations and citizens. Previously, Khazei served as CEO of City Year, an AmeriCorps national service program, which he co-founded with Michael Brown.
     
  Stanley S. Litow is the President of the IBM Foundation and IBM’s Vice President for Corporate Citizenship and Corporate Affairs. Under his leadership, IBM has developed new innovative technologies to help children and adults learn to read, helped people with disabilities access the Internet and created a humanitarian grid to power research on Alzheimers, Cancer and AIDS. IBM’s efforts in education have raised student achievement and won the company the Ron Brown Award presented by the President of the United States. He also helped create IBM’s Corporate Service Corps, a corporate version of the Peace Corps which deploys 500 IBM top emerging leaders in community assignments in 30 countries of the developing world. Stanley founded and ran Interface, the non profit “think tank” and served as an aide to both the Mayor and Governor of New York. He served on the President’s Welfare to Work Commission, and serves on the board of Harvard Business School’s Initiative on Social Enterprise, Citizen’s Budget Commission, and The After School Corporation (TASC).
     
  Ana Mato is the Minister of Health, Social Policy and Equality. She is the Deputy Secretary General of Organization and an Elector of the People’s Party since 2008, and a National Representative since 2008. Previously, she was the Director of Electoral Campaigns of the Popular Party for European elections, Galician elections and Basque elections in 2009; municipal and autonomous elections in 2011; and the previous general elections. Previously, she served as a Euro-Representative from 2004 to 2008, a National Representative in the Congress of Representative from 1993 to 2004, an autonomous Representative for Madrid from 1991 to 1993 and Deputy Director for the Office of the President of Castilla and León from 1987 to 1990. She has her degree in Political Science and Sociology from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
     
  Sebastián Mora Rosado is the Secretary General of Caritas Spain, the official charitable institution and social action of the Catholic Church in Spain. He has extensive experience working in the field of social action, and has authored several studies on volunteerism, social exclusion and the welfare state.
     
  Dr. Rosabeth Moss Kanter is a tenured professor of business at Harvard Business School, where she holds the Ernest L. Arbuckle Professorship. She specializes in strategy, innovation and leadership for change, and is the author or co-author of eighteen books. Her work is considered seminal and highly influential in her field.
     
  Jackie Norris is the Executive Director of the Points of Light Corporate Institute and leads the corporate strategy and employee engagement programs. Prior to that, Jackie served as the Senior Advisor to the CEO at the Corporation for National and Community Service, and as Assistant to President Obama and Chief of Staff to First Lady Michelle Obama. Jackie helped to develop a strategic plan to address the issues the First Lady is involved with, including healthy eating, national service, military family and women in the workplace. Jackie has served as a trusted advisor to various political candidates and most recently led Iowa to an Obama victory in the 2008 presidential campaign as the Iowa State Director. Jackie also served as a high school government teacher and still works with young people as an adjunct professor at American University.
     
  Luciano Poyato is the President of the Plataforma del Voluntariado of Spain. Additionally, Poyato is the President of the Union of Associations and Institutions of Attention to Drug Addicts (UNAD), and organization that has spearheaded a collaboration of other organizations including Movement for Peace, Disarmament and Liberty (MPDL), the Platform of NGOS for Volunteers in Tenerife, Platform for Volunteerism Oscense, Red Cross and Caritas.
     
  Javier Roglá has been the General Director of the Foundation Empieza por Educar since its inception. Previously, he was Principal at The Boston Consulting Group, where he led strategy and business organization projects. He also spent five years with Endesa, where his last position was in the field of International Development. Javier was born in Barcelona, is an Industrial Engineer and earned his MBA with Honors from INSEAD.
     
  Eduardo Serra is a lawyer who studied law at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Serra has been a member of the State Corps of Lawyers since 1974. He has dedicated half of his professional life to the Public Sector, but has also held positions in the Private sector including: Chairman of Telettra España, Chairman of Peugeot-Talbot España, Chairman of Airtel and Chairman of UBS España. He has dedicated part of his life collaborating with non-profit or charitable organizations, and has served as the Chairman of FAD, and Chairman of INICIPE, among others. Currently, he is Chairman of Eduardo Serra y Asociados, Vice-president of Everis, and President of the Advisory Board of AmChamSpain, among others.
     
  Jeff Sheinbein has over twelve years experience as a social enterprise and printing industry leader. He is the former managing director of a non profit screen printing and embroidery company that employed the same at risk adult population as Social Imprints. Under his leadership the organization became one of the country’s most successful nonprofit enterprises of its size, and one of the most profitable businesses in the screen printing industry. Leveraging his success at the nonprofit organization, Sheinbein was hired as a consultant to replicate the business model in London, and to implement the successful sales and marketing structure at other enterprises, including The Body Positive, ShareForward, and Borders Books.
     
  Ann Stock is the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA). From September 1997 to June 2010, Ms. Stock was Vice President of Institutional Affairs at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts where she oversaw the Center’s expanded efforts to increase its national and international profile. She also managed the Center’s International Arts Management Programs, and oversaw its Government Relations Office, Press Office, and Office of Institutional Affairs. From 1993-1997, Ms. Stock served as Deputy Assistant to President William J. Clinton and as Social Secretary at The White House. Prior to that, she was Vice President of Corporate Communications and Public Relations for Bloomingdale’s Department Stores. During the 1980 and 1984 Presidential election campaigns, Ms. Stock was Deputy Press Secretary to Vice President Walter F. Mondale. She started her career as an elementary school teacher. Assistant Secretary Stock, a native of Indiana, holds a B.A. from Purdue University.
     
  Manuel Tamayo Ignacio is the Vice-Mayor and Spokesman of Higuera de la Serena, Spain. He is a graduate in Philosophy from the University of Granada. He is also a food, diet and nutrition technician. He has been in a leader in researching ways to enrich the individual and community experience of citizens.